Document Type

Article

Publication Date

Fall 9-25-2025

Abstract

This policy paper, developed by the Rwandan delegation in the COP30 Simulation, proposes the establishment of a comprehensive accountability architecture in order to translate the outcomes of the Global Stocktake (GST) into transparent, equitable, and enforceable climate action. Building on this year's COP Presidency's emphasis on mutirão, which is inclusive collective action, this paper outlines different governance mechanisms that could strengthen compliance, both at global and national levels, integrate Common But Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR) into their monitoring frameworks, and embed adaptation tracking in line with the Sharm El-Sheikh Adaptation Agenda (SAA). Using Rwanda's track record in governance and regional leadership as a model, the paper recommends an accountability system with three levels that would combine Enhanced Transparency, Framework (ETF), equity-based indicators, and community reviews that are inclusive. Different case studies from Rwanda, Chile, and the European Union, just to mention a few, demonstrate the feasibility and impact of setting robust accountability systems.

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