Document Type

Article

Publication Date

Fall 10-1-2025

Abstract

The advent of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)technology has revolutionized diabetes management, facilitating real-time blood glucose assessment that optimizes insulin therapy and dietary modifications, thereby significantly enhancing patient outcomes. This study presents comprehensive modeling, simulation, and integration of a continuous glucose monitoring system on-chip, featuring an optimized electrochemical glucose sensor equippedwith dual-energy harvesting units. In the assessment of glucose sensor performance at optimized conditions, the simulated characteristic curve showed a sensitivity of 8063 mA. m mol−1 at a working electrode width of 90 μm and height of 200 μm. The developed system incorporates a battery managementsystem that effectively bridges the harvested DC energy to the sensor, ensuring reliable operation. A cascaded analog transimpedance amplifier interfacing circuit is designed to convert microampere sensor outputs to appropriate voltage levels. The optimization of the sensor highlights two key tuning parameters: the height and width of the working electrode, assessed based on four essential performance indicators: sensitivity, limit of detection, linearity, and power consumption. The study emphasizes the importance of the battery management system in linking the supply side, comprising dual energy harvesters, with the load side, which includes the CGM and associated interfacing circuits. The system integrates a 1.8Vlithium-ion battery that is charged using excess harvested energy, serving as a backup source to address the reliability concerns of the harvesting sources. Furthermore, the power management circuit harmonizes the voltage levels from the two harvesters to align with the operating voltage of 1.8V. The implementation of a double-input buck-boost DCDC converter ensures efficient voltage regulation, with a bucking efficiency of 93.25%, a settling time of 27.98 μs, and minimal output ripples of 0.00048%, demonstrating significant performance enhancements for inductor-less technology

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