Document Type

Article

Publication Date

Spring 4-15-2026

Abstract

Educational buildings increasingly face climate-driven overheating and shifting energy demand, yet transnational campuses often replicate “home-campus” typologies without climate adaptation. This study evaluates climate-responsive envelope and HVAC strategies for a higher-education studio floor in London and office spaces in Cairo using calibrated dynamic simulations supported by in-situ monitoring with 10-minutes interval temperature and CO2 in London, short-term temperature and relative humidity in Cairo. Three scenarios were tested as follow. S01 natural ventilation; S02 mixed-mode/HVAC with existing envelope; and S03 mixed-mode/HVAC with enhanced envelope. Performance was assessed against BB101 and CIBSE TM52 overheating metrics, ISO 7730 PMV/PPD comfort indices, and CO2 thresholds. In London, S01 experienced recurrent overheating, peaks between 30–31°C and TM52 failure driven by short high-severity events with Criterion 2: 8–17 degree-hours, while CO2 remained close to the 1000 ppm target, approximately between 1040–1050 ppm excursions. Future 2050 weather reduced annual heating from 832 to 667 kWh/m²·yr and introduced cooling of 3 kWh/m²·yr; 0.5% of annual thermal energy, but present in all months and peaking at 0.59 kWh/m² in July, yielding a 19.5% net site-energy reduction. London therefore remains heatingdominant in 2050 but with emerging peak cooling and overheating risk. In Cairo, baseline summer indoor temperatures reached 33–36°C with PPD commonly 90–100% and CO2 peaks

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