A Newly Fabricated Electrochemical Sensor for Apomorphine Detection in Human Plasma

Document Type

Article

Publication Date

5-2025

Abstract

Parkinson’s disease is the second leading cause of central nervous system degeneration. Apomorphine (APO), a dopamine agonist, is used to manage Parkinson’s disease by reducing recurrent symptoms during off-time. Due to its narrow therapeutic window and risk of serious side effects, reliable monitoring of APO is required to personalize treatment plans, guaranteeing therapeutic effectiveness and patient safety. This work presents the first voltammetric sensor for detecting APO in bulk and spiked human plasma samples. The preparation of the sensor involves the modification of carbon paste electrode with nitrogen-doped graphite. The electrochemical determination using differential pulse voltammetry revealed the presence of three peaks (0.05, 0.5, and 0.8 V). The quantitation was carried out by plotting the current peak height at 0.8 V against the relative concentrations in the range of 5.63 × 10-6-1.0 × 10-3 M with a limit of detection equal to 1.82 × 10-6 M and a limit of quantification of 5.50 × 10-6 M. The method was validated as per the guidelines of the International Conference on Harmonization and was also assessed using Analytical Eco-scale showing excellent green analysis. The method was then successfully applied to determine APO in spiked human plasma samples in the range of 2.50 × 10-5-1.0 × 10-3 M, including its plasma level. © 2025 The Electrochemical Society (“ECS”). Published on behalf of ECS by IOP Publishing Limited. All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.

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