Document Type

Research Project

Publication Date

Fall 9-29-2025

Abstract

The climate emergency and the scale of environmental harm require moving beyond voluntary and overly localized approaches to establish binding legal mechanisms at the global level. Transnational corporations operating in high-impact ecological sectors must be held accountable for their actions — not only to remedy the damage caused, but also to prevent future violations. COP30 in Belém presents a unique opportunity to place legal and institutional accountability at the core of international negotiations. By building on existing instruments, the ethical ambitions of the COP presidency, and strengthened cooperation between states, civil society, and private actors, it is possible to construct a credible framework toward normative transition and a future climate tribunal. This process must strike a balance between firmness and support for economies dependent on fossil fuels and ecocidal practices, to ensure that climate justice becomes a genuine lever for protecting human rights and preserving the environment.

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